August 2014 | Wiring circuit

Sunday, August 31, 2014

Simple Rain Alarm or Water Detector Circuit with SCR 106CY

Rain detector schema Diagram

Rain

Rain detector schema can be applied to the project or any other hobby, which is so simple principles.When it rains plate (sensor) will receive rain. And a dedicated work has paid to SCR1 and flow control Buzzer noise.

Electronic Part List

R1 1K 1/4 W Resistor
R2 680 Ohm 1/4 W Resistor
D1 1N4001 Silicon Diode
BZ1 12V Buzzer
S1 SPST Switch
SCR1 C106B1 SCR 106CY
SENSOR See

Notes

The sensor is a small piece of PC board etched to the pattern showen in the schematic. The traces should be very close to each other, but never touching. A large spiral pattern would also work. 2. Make sure to use a loud buzzer

12 V battery charger with PUT

A short-circuit proof battery charger will provide an average charging current of about 8A to a 12V lead-acid storage battery. The Charger circuit has an additional advantage, it will not function nor will it be damaged by improperly connecting the battery to the circuit. With 220V at the input , the circuit comences to function when the battery is properly attached.
The battery provides the current to charge the timing capacitor C1 used in the PUT relaxation oscillator.When C1 charges to the peak point voltage the PUT , the PUT fires turning the SCR on , which in turn applies charging current to the battery. As the battery charges , the battery voltage increases slightly which increases the peak point voltage of the PUT. The voltage on C1 increases until the zener voltage of D1 is reached , which clamps the voltage on C1 , and thus prevents the PUT oscillator from oscillating and charging ceases. The maximum battery voltage is set by potentiometer R2 which sets the peak point firing voltage pf the PUT . In the circuit shown , the charging voltage can be set from 10 V to 14 V - the Lower limit being set by D1 and the upper limit by T1.

Part List :

Resistor

R1 = 10K

R2 = 50K trim

R3 = 47K

R4 = 1K

Capacitor

C1 = 0.1uF

Diode , SCR , PUT

B1 = MDA990-1

D1 = 1N5240 10V

SCR = 2N5164

PUT = MPU131

Transformer , Inductor

T1 = Stepdown 220V to 14V

T2 = 11Z12 1:1

Build a Voltage To Frequency Converter Wiring diagram Schematic 2

Build a Voltage-To-Frequency Converter Circuit Diagram 2. Using a Burr-Brown VFC 32 IC, this voltage-to-frequency converter uses few components. The schema values are shown in the figure. This charge-balanced V/F converter uses a VFC32 or a VFC320 IC.

The positive charge from the 1-mA balances the negative charge from the input. V/F converter waveforms are shown in Fig. 100-l(b).

Voltage-To-Frequency Converter Circuit Diagram 2

Build

A Good Auto Sound System is a Requirement not a Luxury

How do you decide which auto sound system is best for you? This is a question that many consumers ask in the U. S. each and every day. The truth is that only you can decide what kind of sound you find enjoyable and what you are seeking in the sound system you will ultimately purchase. A good sound system will greatly improve how you feel about not only the vehicle you drive but also your disposition after your daily commute. It may seem like such a small thing, the changing of a sound system, but it does seem to have such a profound impact on how we start our days. Of course we all know that getting your day off to a good start sets the tone for the entire day and if that day is Monday it sets the tone for not only the day ahead but also the week to come.

Music affects almost every aspect of our lives. Most of us do not realize the impact that music has on our day-to-day lives and it is quite difficult because our world seems to be filled with it. It is much easier however, to explain the difference a good sound system makes. Its funny, I find myself in a hurry to get out of stores that have lousy sound systems and speakers that dribble out little more than static while I can shop for hours in a store that has tasteful music playing in the background over a good sound system. I prefer the volume lower and the music playing in the background rather than being the center of my attention.

Most of us find that soft music playing in the background is rather unobtrusive and allows us to get along with our thoughts and the mission at hand while loud music blaring over antiquated speakers does a great deal to disrupt our thought processes which will only serve to send us along to the next errand on our list. If youll notice it seems that clerks in the stores where the loud music blares along are often not as even tempered as those in stores that play music at respectful volumes and have very well kept sound systems. I think I would be cranky too after listening to music in a manner that music wasnt meant to be heard.

Im not a music snob by any means; I simply enjoy listening to music for the sake of actually hearing the music. Loud music is good sometimes but not when I have other things on my mind. I prefer that music remain in the background when Im running about taking care of errands, even in the car. The hallmark of a good auto sound system is that it sounds good even at low volumes. This means you can enjoy music in the background, hum along, or simply ignore the music in favor of the action taking place on the road.

The point Im trying to make is that even though you may not realize the impact that a good auto sound system has on music immediately, you will definitely feel the difference it makes over time. The better the sound system, the better the sound and music is after all, sound.

If you are a true lover of music and spend a great deal of your week or even any given day in your vehicle, doesnt it make sense to invest heavily in your auto sound system? I know for me that particular decision is a no brainer. I love music and it is an important part of not only my life but also the lives of my children. As a result we spend a lot of time listening to the radio in our SUV and singing along. Even when we arent listening to music, I enjoy listening talk radio and the news on NPR. These things are an important part of my day and I really enjoy all that each and every one adds to my life. Because of that, I find my investment in a good auto sound system to be a requirement rather than a luxury.

Simple radio circit diagram

some persons asked simple radio schema diagrams.Here you can see very simple schema diagram.When I tested this my first time I enjoyed very much.When the signals are coming you can here some sounds like ne ne nee nic nee nee nee nee.so test this and enjoy.

Note:

# Dont use more than 4.5V

# Build this on a pcb

#If the signals dont come move the main coil here and there then you can here some sounds.

# Firstly this schema was designed by Elmer G. Osterhoudt in the early 30s

Find the best stereo for your car

You can find out how to choose the best stereo for your car by reading this informative article!

The first thing to do is to check with your family members and friends to see what kind of stereo equipment they have in their vehicles. Referrals are sometimes the best way to find a reliable brand. The next step is to start shopping around in electronic stores to see what brands there are, what kinds of stereos are available for purchase, and what options are available. Be sure to check on what kind of a warranty that each stereo carries. Decide at this point what you want in a stereo and what you do not want. Decide what you would like to have, but what you can live without. For example, do you really need twenty radio preset buttons or can you live with only six? Beware of the extras that you may not need. If you are not going to use them, then do not buy a system with them on it. The more the gadgets, the higher the cost of the stereo, of course. Decide on how much money you can possibly spend. Talk to sales clerks and ask their opinions about the different kinds of stereos. Ask what kind they have in their own vehicles. Ask at each store whether-or-not they are authorized dealers of the products that they recommend. If your stereo needs repaired, can you take it back there and have it fixed?

Ask each sales clerk if they can demonstrate each of the models they carry? Obviously you will want to hear the differences in the stereos before you finally choose one and buy it. Find out if they will install the stereo too. Ask them the exact steps that they would take in order to accomplish the task. Find out if they have any pictures of their work. This especially pertains to the installation of the stereos speakers ans subwoofers. If you purchase a stereo and speakers that are the same size as what you currently have, then the new equipment can simply be put into the same spaces that your current equipment is in. But, if you purchase bigger speakers that will need more space to accomodate them, then these units need to be enclosed first, and then covered with carpet to match your car, truck, or van.

Stereos for your vehicle usually start out with the basic AM/FM radio unit. That is the most basic stereo you can get. Then, there are models that also have cassette players and CD players, etc. Name brand stereos and speakers are probably the better route to take when choosing. You will undoubtedly get a better sound and performance from a name brand that you can trust. Stay away from cheap models that probably sound tinny, muffled, or otherwise unnatural. The cheaper brands tend not to hold up as well as the name brands too.

Finally, the sales people will probably try to talk to you about woofers and tweeters and frequencies, etc. To put it in plain English, the woofer handles the bass frequencies and the tweeter handles the treble frequencies. If you are really interested in this, that is fine. But, if you are not, then that is all you need to know. If you dont understand the lingo of the stereo world, dont let them baffle you with foreign sounding words, technical terms, and other information that you really dont need to know.

LED Circuit with Timer 555

This circuit LED reproduces the first LED sequence at this time used by FISA on behalf of Formula single racing. It may perhaps be alive used with slot car sets (such for example HO shin up AFX/Life Like/Tyco sets) or else means of communication controlled cars. IC1, a 555 timer IC, is used as a watch pulse generator. Its output is fed via NAND gates IC2a and IC2c to IC3, a 4024 binary counter. IC2b inverts the O4 output of 4024 binary counter IC3. originally, IC3 is reset and all its outputs are low, together with O4, which causes IC2b to present-day a rational climax to the pin 8 input of IC2c which after that passes pulses from the 555 timer circuit to the clock input of the 4024. IC3 then begins together with.

LED

Following the count has reached binary 1111, the subsequently pulse sends the O4 output of IC3 high, which disables IC2c and IC3 stops with. The four used outputs of IC3 are connected to a resistor ‘ladder’ which acts to the same degree a clear-cut digital to analog convert-er (DAC). As the count increases so does the voltage produced by the side of the top of the ladder and this is connected to the inverting inputs of four comparators inside IC4 (an LM339) and to IC5, which is a 741 op amp furthermore connected while a comparator.

The categorical inputs of the comparators are connected to the taps of a voltage dividing wall, with the drumming voltages settle on using VR1, a 100kO trimpot. As IC3 counts, the rising stepped voltage from the DAC ladder switches the comparators on clothed in sequence, preliminary with IC4d and working up to IC5. in the same way as both comparator is curved on, its pair off of LEDs is lit; former LEDs 1 & 2, next LEDs 3 & 4 and so on. as soon as all five pairs of LEDs are lit, the then pulse from IC1 moves the binary count of IC3 to 10000, so the DAC voltage drops back to zilch and all LEDs are extinguished. by the same spell, with too stops, for the reason that the area of high pressure on O4 causes IC2c to check extra gate pulses. The circuit in that case remains reserve until the counter is reset by urgent pushbutton switch S1. This allows a recent sequence to initiate.

Simple 12V to 250V Converter

A very simple portable 12v to 250V converter can be designed using this schema diagram. This 12 to 250V converter is designed for portable use with a 12 V car battery.A built astabil multivibrator T1 and T2 generates a rectangular wave at a frequency of 50 Hz. As T1 and T2 drive alternative exit stage system also works in "push-pull". When T1 lead by passing a current T3: T5 and that it engages the latter transistor connects to a half battery of 12 V secondary winding of the transformer Tr When T2 network drive, T6 transistor coupled to the battery the other half of the network adapter.

Simple 12V to 250V Converter Circuit Diagram

Simple

If it is used for output stages 40 411 RCA transistors, the current through secondary winding can be up to 10 A, giving a power output of 180 watts. If you use 2N3055 transistors, power output will be about 90 watts. Since the output transistors are driven to saturation, they have very high mounted radiators.Although schema is simple construction and has high efficiency disadvantage is rectangular output voltage which, in the absence of a regulator is dependent on task: small loads, the output voltage is 250 V ac (not working properly for the engine speed control, light dimmers, televisions, hi-fi equipment.

Saturday, August 30, 2014

The Audio Video Distribution Amplifier

With the amount of equipment in home entertainment centers today the need to be able to vary the gain of the audio or video signal is needed. I found this particular schema helpful when used in conjunction with the Universal Descrambler and a Stabilizer schema I built for making copies of video tapes. It not only allowed me the ability to fine tune the video strength it also helped me increase the recorded audio which typically becomes poor when making tape copies. Circuit operation is straight forward for amplifier diagram. The second channel for the audio amplifier is made up of the same components except the other half of IC1 is used. Pin 6 & 5 are inputs and 7 is the output.

Circuit Diagram

IR Infra Red Sensor with 7 Segment Display

Infrared light has a difference with ordinary light in general. We can see clearly when a light or light on an object.

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12W AUDIO AMPLIFIER

TDA2006 12W Audio Amplifier circuit

circuit diagram for 12W AUDIO AMPLIFIER

50 Watt Subwoofer Amplifier

R1 200 Ohm 1/4 W Resistor
R2 200K 1/4 W Resistor
R3 30K 1/4 W Resistor
R5 1K 1/4 W Resistor
R6 5K 1/4 W Resistor
R7,R10 Meg (5%) 1/2 W Resistor
R8,R9 0.4 Ohm 5 W Resistor
R11 10K Pot
R12,R13 51K 1/4 W Resistor
R14 47K 1/4 W Resistor
C1 100uF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2 0.011uF Capacitor
C3 3750pF Capacitor
C4,C6 1000pF Capacitor
C5,C7,C8 0.001uF Capacitor
C9 50pF Capacitor
C10 0.3uF Capacitor
C11,C12 10,000uF 50V Electrolytic Capacitor
U1,U2 741 Op Amp
U3 ICL8063 Audio Amp Transister Driver thingy
Q1 2N3055 NPN Power Transistor
Q2 2N3791 PNP Power Transistor
BR1 250 V 6 Amp Bridge Rectifier
T1 50V Center Tapped 5 Amp Transformer
S1 SPST 3 Amp Switch
S2 DPDT Switch
F1 2 Amp Fuse
SPKR1 8 Ohm 50W Speaker
MISC Case, Knobs, Line Cord, Binding Posts Or Phono Plugs (For Input And Output), Heatsinks For Q1 And Q2

1999 Chevrolet Chevy 1500 Pu V6 Wiring Diagram

1999 Chevrolet Chevy 1500 Pu V6 Wiring Diagram

This is 1999 chevrolet Chevy 1500 Pu V6 Wiring Diagram:power distribution coil, A/C compressor fuse, ignition fuse, underhood bussed electrical center, high pressure cutout switch, A/C compressor clutch, A/C low pressure cycling switch, ground distribution, powertrain control module, vehicle control module, A/C automatic recirculating switch, HVAC control module.

200W power amplifier complete power supply

This 200W power amplifier circuit using IC STK 4050.

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water triggered alarm system with 555 timer

You can use this schema for you water tank.then you can know before over flowing your tank.on the other hand you can use this schema as a rain detector then you can know before rain comes.so I suppose this would be a so useful schema for you

Friday, August 29, 2014

Fading LEDs Circuit

The following diagram is the schematic diagram of fading LEDs schema. This kind of schema runs two LED strips in pulsing mode, i.e. one LED strip goes from off state, lights up gradually, then dims little by little, and so on. while one other LED strip does the contrary.

Fading

Components part:

R1, R2 = 4K7
R3 = 22K
R4 = 1M *
R5 = 2M2 *
R6, R10, R11, R14, R15 = 10K
R7, R8 = 47K Trimpot *
R9, R13 = 27K
R12, R16 = 56R

C1 = 1µF
C2 = 100µF/25V
D1-D4 etc = 5 or 3mm LEDs *
IC1 = LM358
Q1, Q2 ,Q4 = BC327
Q3, Q5, Q6 = BC337
SW1 = SPST miniature Slider Switch
B1 = 9V PP3 Battery

Circuit Works:

The IC1 contains two Op-Amps schema which will be used to generate triangular wave form.. The rising and falling voltage obtained at pin #7 of IC1 drives two complementary diagram formed by a 10mA continual current source (Q1, Q2 and Q5, Q6) and driver transistor (Q3 and Q6).
R4, R5 & C1 are the timing components: the total period can be varied changing their values. R7 & R8 vary the LEDs brightness.

Fading LEDs Circuit Notes:

For those whishing to avoid the use of trimmers, suggested values for 9V supply are: R4=3M9, R9 & R13=47K and trimmers replaced by a short.
Whishing to use a wall-plug adapter instead of a 9V battery, you can supply the schema at 12V, allowing the use of up to 6 LEDs per strip, or at 15V, allowing the use of up to 7 LEDs per strip.
In this case, the value of the trimmers R7 & R8 should be changed to 100K.

Fading LEDs Circuit Source: RedCircuits

Stereo tone control with loudness and filter

Tone control circuit is used to adjust the tones before entering the amplifier. Tone control over equipped with a loudness and filter directly without using the switch to disconnected or connected. Part of his filter that is C1 and R1 from ground to input , and for his loudness on the R4 and C3 are connected to the input and then go to VR1. C2 and R3 go from ground to the input . After the input is set by volume or VR1 then procesed again by treebel ie C8 , R13 , R14 , and VR2 . Bass on R10 , R11, R12 , C7 ,C8 , and VR3. For supply voltages has been given a stabilization in Q3. See schematic below :

stereo

tone

Click to view larger

Part list :
R1 = 100K
R2 = 50K trim
R3 = 22K
R4 = 15K
R5 = 1K
R6 = 4K7
R7 = 330K
R8 = 330K
R9 = 3K3
R10= 5K6
R11= 8K2
R12= 5K6
R13= 1K
R14= 1K
R15= 50K TRIM
R16= 50K TRIM
R17= 330K
R18= 4K7
R19= 47K
R20= 1K
R21= 4K7
R22= 2K2
R23= 100R
R24= 22K
C1 = 15n
C2 = 15n
C3 = 560p
C4 = 4u7
C5 = 33u
C6 = 4n7
C7 = 39n
C8 = 39n
C9 = 4u7
C10=4u7
C11=470u
C12=100u
Q1 = C1815
Q2 = C828
D1 = Green Led

This tone control is suitable with 150W OCL power amplifier type 036.But the schematic is mono, if you need a stereo tone control you must duplicate the components and circuit.

stereo

Installation the stereo tone control

25 W Audio Power Amplifier Wiring diagram Schematic

This audio power amplifier project is based on LM1875 amplifier module from National Semiconductor. It can deliver up to 30W of power using an 8 ohm load & dual 30V DC power supplies. It is designed to operate with maximum outside parts with current limit & thermal shutdown protection features . Other features include high gain, quick slew rate, wide power supply range, giant output voltage swing & high current capability.

Summary of the audio amply-fire features:

Low distortion: 0.015%, 1 kHz, 20 W
Wide power bandwidth: 70 kHz
Wide supply range 16V-60V
Up to 30 watts output power
Internal output protection diodes
Protection for AC & DC short diagram to ground
94 dB ripple rejection
Plastic power package TO-220

25V Power Supply

The schematic below shows how the +25V DC & -25V DC are obtained. In order to provide power supply for two stereo amplifiers, a power transformer rating of 80VA with 240V/36V middle tapped secondary winding is used. The secondary output of the transformer is rectified by using 1N5401 diodes together with four electrolytic capacitors to smoother the ripple voltage. A fuse & a varistor are connected at the primary input to protect the schema against power surge.

25-W Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Audio Amplifier Module

The +25V & -25V DC power supply are connected to the audio amplifier module through a 2A fuse with the peripheral devices shown in the schematic below. The audio input signal to be amplified is coupled to pin one of LM1875 through the resistor R1 and electrolytic capacitor E5.

The output signal at pin four of LM1875 can be used to directly drive a 8 ohm loudspeaker. Resistor R6 and capacitor C5 prevent-the capacitance developed at the long speaker leads from driving the amplifier in to High Frequency Oscillation.

A heat-sink with a thermal resistance rating of one.4 Cecilius/Watt or better must be used or else the amplifier module will-be cut-off from operation due to the heat that will build up in the coursework of the operation of the amplifier. Take note that the heat sink tab on the IC module is internally connected to the -25V power supply hence it must be isolated from the heat sink by the use of an insulating washer. If this is not done, the negative rail will be shorted to ground.

Dual channel 46 W 2 Ω single channel 92 W 1 Ω amplifier

General description

The TDA1566 is a car audio power amplifier with a complementary output stage realized in BCDMOS. The TDA1566 has two Bridge Tied Load (BTL) output stages and comes in a HSOP24 or DBS27P package. The TDA1566 can be controlled with or without I2C-bus. With I2C-bus control gain settings per channel and diagnostic trigger levels can be selected. Failure conditions as well as load identification can be read with I2C-bus. The load identification detects whether the outputs of a BTL channel are connected with a DC or AC load and discriminates between a speaker load, a line driver load and an open (unconnected) load. The TDA1566 can be configured in a single BTL mode and drive a 1 Ω load. For the single BTL mode it is necessary to connect on the Printed-Circuit Board (PCB) the outputs of both BTL channels in parallel.

Features

Operates in I2C-bus mode and non-I2C-bus mode

TH version: four I2C-bus addresses controlled by two pins; J version: two I2C-bus addresses controlled by one pin.

Two 4 Ω or 2 Ω capable BTL channels or one 1 Ω capable BTL channel

Low offset

Pop free off/standby/mute/operating mode transitions

Speaker fault detection

Selectable gain (26 dB and 16 dB)

In I2C-bus mode:

DC load detection: open, short and speaker or line driver present

AC load (tweeter) detection

Programmable trigger levels for DC and AC load detection

Per channel programmable gain (26 dB and 16 dB, selectable per channel)

Selectable diagnostic levels for clip detection and thermal pre-warning

Selectable information on the DIAG pin for clip information of each channel separately and independent enabling of thermal-, offset- or load fault.

Independent short-circuit protection per channel

Loss of ground and open VP safe

All outputs short-circuit proof to VP, GND and across the load

All pins short-circuit proof to ground

Temperature controlled gain reduction at high junction temperatures

Circuit Diagram

circuit diagram for dual channel 46W

single channel 92 W/1 Ω amplifier

Electronic Fuse Employs A Relay Wiring diagram Schematic

The hobby schema below uses an unusual method to generate about 12,000 volts with about 5uA of current. Two SCRs form two pulse generator diagram. The two SCRs discharge a 0.047uF a 400v capacitor through a xenon lamp trigger coil at 120 times a second.

Electronic Fuse Employs A Relay Circuit Diagram

Circuit

The high voltage pulses produced at the secondary of the trigger coil are rectified using two 6KV damper diodes. The voltage doubler schema at the secondary of the trigger coil charges up two high voltage disc capacitors up to about 12KV. Although this schema can’t produce a lot of current be very careful with it. A 12KV spark can jump about 0.75 of an inch so the electronic schema needs to be carefully wired with lots of space between components.

Source by : Streampowers

What Is Sound

Sound?
Websters dictionary defines sound as:

"The perceived object occasioned by the impulse or vibration of a material substance affecting the ear; a sensation or perception of the mind received through the ear, and produced by the impulse or vibration of the air or other medium with which the ear is in contact; the effect of an impression made on the organs of hearing by an impulse or vibration of the air caused by a collision of bodies, or by other means; noise; report; as, the sound of a drum; the sound of the human voice; a horrid sound; a charming sound; a sharp, high, or shrill sound."

Mmm, fancy. We all know what a sound is. Its a noise, something we sense with our ears. But what is sound? Its the vibration of the air by a moving body. For our purposes in car audio that moving body is our speakers. The movement of the speaker forward and backward causes a vibration in the air that our ear receives and we hear music. Heres what sound looks like as a wave:

A sound wave goes through a cycle of 360 degrees. As the speaker moves forward it goes from rest (0 degrees) through one quarter of its cycle to 90 degrees. As it starts to move back to rest it travels another 90 degrees to the 180 degree mark before moving completely rearward to 270 degrees. As it moves back to the rest position it travels the final 90 degrees to the 360 degree mark. The cycle then repeats itself and we hear the result as music. To summarize, as the speaker moves up and down it travels one cycle which equals 360 degrees. These cycles are measured in Hertz (Hz) with one Hertz being equal to one cycle. The lower the number of Hz the lower the sound we hear. A human can hear, on average, the sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (also known as 20 kHz).

We do not hear all of the sounds equally though. Our ears are less sensitive to sounds at the far ends of the scale. This was discovered through research done by Fletcher and Munson and they have given us the "Fletcher-Munson" curve which illustrates this point.

Notice how the curve goes up at both ends of the scale. Also notice how the curve is greater at lower volume levels (sound pressure levels). This is what the loudness circuit on a head unit tries to do. Increase the level of the low and high frequencies at lower volume levels. As the volume goes up the level of boost at these frequencies is reduced. However, some loudness circuits do nothing more than boost the low and high frequencies by a constant amount. If youve seen a vehicle with an in-dash equalizer the chances are very good that the vertical sliders were arranged in a similar fashion to the Fletcher-Munson curve. This is sometimes called "making your EQ smile".

2 X 30 Watt stereo amplifier by TDA1510

This power amplifier can use IC TDA1510 or TDA1515, minimum voltage require 6 volt and maximum voltage require 18 Volt, Voltage with DC supply voltage.Power output 2x 30 Watt stereo amplifier , with 2 ohms impedance , its is low impedance . You can use the fullrange or woofer speakers. see schematic below :

Audio Clipping Indicator

Detects clipping in preamp stages, mixers, amplifiers etc., Single LED display - 9V Battery supply unit

This schema was intended to be used as a separate, portable unit, to signal by means of a LED when the output wave form of a particular audio stage is "clipping" i.e. is reaching the onset of its maximum permitted peak-to-peak voltage value before an overload is occurring. This will help the operator in preventing severe, audible distortion to be generated through the audio equipment chain.

This unit is particularly useful in signaling overload of the input stages in mixers, PA or musical instruments amplification chains, but is also suited to power amplifiers. A careful setting of Trimmer R5 will allow triggering of the LED with a wide range of peak-to-peak input voltages, in order to suit different requirements. Unfortunately, an oscilloscope and a sine wave frequency generator are required to accurately setup this schema. Obviously, the unit can be embedded into an existing mixer, preamp or power amplifier, and powered by the internal supply rails in the 9 - 30V range. The power supply can also be obtained from higher voltage rails provided suitable R/C cells are inserted. SW1 and B1 must obviously be omitted.

Audio Clipping Indicator Circuit Diagram

Parts:
R1___________1M 1/4W Resistor (See Notes)
R2,R3,R8_____100K 1/4W Resistors
R4,R6________10K 1/4W Resistors
R5___________5K 1/2W Trimmer Cermet or Carbon
R7___________2K2 1/4W Resistor
R9___________22K 1/4W Resistor
R10__________1K 1/4W Resistor (See Notes)
C1,C4________220nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C2___________4p7 63V Ceramic Capacitor (See Notes)
C3___________220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C5___________10µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor (See Notes)
D1,D2________1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D3___________LED (Any dimension, shape and color)
Q1___________BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistor
IC1___________TL062 Dual Low current BIFET Op-Amp (or TL072, TL082)
SW1__________SPST Toggle or Slide Switch (See Text)
B1____________9V PP3 Battery (See Text)

Circuit operation:

The heart of the schema is a window comparator formed by two op-amps packaged into IC1. This technique allows to detect precisely and symmetrically either the positive or negative peak value reached by the monitored signal. The op-amps outputs are mixed by D1 and D2, smoothed by C4, R7 and R8, and feed the LED driver Q1 with a positive pulse. C5 adds a small output delay in order to allow detection of very short peaks.

Notes:

With the values shown, the schema can be easily set up to detect sine wave clipping from less than 1V to 30V peak-to-peak (i.e. 15W into 8 Ohms). If you need to detect higher output peak-to-peak voltages, R1 value must be raised. On the contrary, if the schema will be used to detect only very low peak-to-peak voltages, it is convenient to lower R1 value to, say, 220K omitting C2. In this way, the adjustment of R5 will be made easier.
Using a TL062 chip at 9V supply, stand-by current drawing is about 1.5mA and less than 10mA when the LED illuminates. With TL072 or TL082 chips, current drawing is about 4.5mA and 13mA respectively.
When using power supplies higher than 12V, the value of R10 must be raised accordingly.
When using power supplies higher than 25V, the working voltage value of C5 must be raised to 35 or 50V.

Thursday, August 28, 2014

4 x 35W HIGH EFFICIENCY QUAD BRIDGE

Circuit Diagram:

4 x 35W HIGH EFFICIENCY QUAD BRIDGE

12AU7 ECC82 tube Preamplifier circuit

The following chart is a simple two-line preamp with 12AU7 / ECC82 tube. The overall gain of the schema is about 8 , The second phase of the schema is a cathode followers and a low impedance amplifier. This schema is from the RCA tube manual.

12AU7

The schema is simple and requires no special components. For the power supply, you can create a Hammond 370BX transformer with simple CLC or CRC filtering to B +. You want to use a good quality capacitor C4 for the best results.

Understanding the workings of Vertical Deflection

Vertical deflection parts, serves to provide a sawtooth current to the vertical deflection coil so that horizontal lines are generated by applying localized horizontal deflection from the top of the screen and moves towards the bottom of the screen. Sweeping PAL system has a vertical frequency of 50 Hz and 60 Hz NTSC system. Vertical deflection circuit there are several variation, is in contrast to the horizontal deflection circuit on television almost all the same.

Broadly , the vertical deflection section comprises:

Yoke

Yoke Deflection

Vertical oscillator (vertical countdown)
Ramp generator
Vertical amplifier drive
Vertical amplifier-out
Pum-up (flyback generator)
Feedback circuit
Vertical deflection coil

Countdown vertical as the vertical oscillator. Vertical count-down got input from the horizontal frequency count-down and divide in order to obtain the vertical frequency.

In this section there is a circuit called a "vertical window-counter" which serves to automatically adjust the vertical size of the frequency. Without any input video signal, vertical oscillator oscillates at a frequency of approximately 45 to 55Hz free. If then the aircraft received the system PAL video signals, vertical-counter window will lock the vertical oscillator at a frequency of 50Hz. And if a video signal NTSC system will automatically lock the vertical frequency to 60Hz

If for any damage, so the frequency can not be locked, it will cause:

Picture rolling up if the frequency is lower
Rolling down the picture if the frequency is higher.

Ramp-generator - vertical pulses from the oscillator is a square, ramp-function generator to change the shape of the signal box into a sawtooth shape. Sawtooth signal shape is determined by the value of resistor-capacitor filter contained in this section.

Vertical count-down circuit and the ramp-generator circuit is in common IC. But there are certain circuits where the ramp generator IC is in the vertical-out, ie aircraft using the TA8690 and TA8445.

Vertical amplifier Drive - serves to amplify the signal before it is fed into the vertical vertical-output amplifier. Circuits generally be one with a vertical power amplifier out.

Vertical power-amplifier Out - vertical sawtooth signal is amplified by this section to be able to supply power to the coil current sawtooth vertical deflection. The working principle of the vertical amplifier-out does not vary much with the audio power-amplifier

Pump Up (flyback generator) - applying localized electron beam vertically from the top to the bottom of the screen. To conduct further re-sweeping the electron beam must be returned with a quick way into the top layer. To do this required a strong pulse but only a moment the so-called vertical-retrace pulse, which pulse is required to establish a higher voltage supply on the vertical-out amplifier.

While doing the sweeping-vertical from the top of the screen to the bottom of the screen vertically-out circuit generally requires a voltage supply of about 25V. And at the vertical-retrace or back from the bottom to the top of the screen quickly takes a larger supply voltage of about 50V. Vertical pump-up circuit is in the vertical IC-out and serves to generate a high voltage at the moment-vertical retrace and require external components consisting of a diode and an Elko.

Vertical-drive circuit, pump-up and reinforcing vertical-out is generally a single IC package in the vertical-out.

There are several types of vertical IC-outs that do not use a pump-up circuit. Instead of the vertical-out requires two kinds of supply Vcc, the supply of low voltage and high voltage supply.

LED Flasher Circuit Using 555 Timer IC

This is a simple LED flasher project that uses a common 555 timer IC for its operation. It is configured as an astable mode which means that its output is a square wave oscillator. Two LEDs are connected to its output in such a way that when one LED is ON, the other LED will turn OFF.

It uses only 10 simple parts that are easily available at any electronic shops. Capacitor C2 charges exponentially through resistors R1, R2 and the resistance of the trimpot. When C2 has charged to about 2/3 VCC it stops charging and it discharges to about 1/3 VCC through R2 and the trimpot resistance via pin 7. This is the standard operation of a 555 timer. When a Vcc of 5 V to 15 V DC is applied to the circuit, the LED will start to flash.

The frequency of the flashing can be changed by varying the resistance of the potentiometer or trimpot.Parts List The parts list of the simple LED project is as shown below.

Hi Fi Headphone Amplifier Wiring diagram Schematic

This is a Super Hi-Fi Headphone Amplifier Circuit Diagram. The HiFi is the best sounding all-in-one portable digital converter/headphone amp the Audiophiliac has ever tested.

Hi-Fi Headphone Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Super

How to Build 1 2 30V 1 5A Variable Regulated Power supply Circuit

How to Build 1.2-30V/1.5A Variable Regulated Power supply, This is simple 1.2-30V/1.5A variable regulated power supply schema diagram The 110V-AC coming from the powercord is fed to the transformer TR1 via the on-off switch and the 500mA fuse. The 30vac output (approximately) from the transformer is presented to the BR1, the bridge-rectifier, and here rectified from AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current). If you dont want to spend the money for a Bridge Rectifier, you can easily use four general purpose 1N4004 diodes. The pulsating DC output is filtered via the 2200µF capacitor (to make it more manageable for the regulator) and fed to IN-put of the adjustable LM317 regulator (IC1). The output of this regulator is your adjustable voltage of 1.2 to 30volts varied via the Adj pin and the 5K potmeter P1. The large value of C1 makes for a good, low ripple output voltage.

1.2-30V/1.5A Variable Regulated Power supply Circuit Diagram

1.2-30V/1.5A

Why exactly 1.2V and not 0-volt? Very basic, the job of the regulator is two-fold; first, it compares the output voltage to an internal reference and controls the output voltage so that it remains constant, and second, it provides a method for adjusting the output voltage to the level you want by using a potentriometer. Internally the regulator uses a zener diode to provide a fixed reference voltage of 1.2 volt across the external resistor R2. (This resistor is usually around 240 ohms, but 220 ohms will work fine without any problems). Because of this the voltage at the output can never decrease below 1.2 volts, but as the potentiometer (P1) increases in resistance the voltage accross it, due to current from the regulator plus current from R2, its voltage increases. This increases the output voltage.

D1 is a general purpose 1N4001 diode, used as a feedback blocker. It steers any current that might be coming from the device under power around the regulator to prevent the regulator from being damaged. Such reverse currents usually occur when devices are powered down.

The ON Led will be lit via the 18K resistor R1. The current through the led will be between 12 - 20mA @ 2V depending on the type and color Led you are using. C2 is a 0.1µF (100nF) decoupler capacitor to filter out the transient noise which can be induced into the supply by stray magnetic fields. Under normal conditions this capacitor is only required if the regulator is far away from the filter cap, but I added it anyway. C3 improves transient response. This means that while the regulator may perform perfectly at DC and at low frequencies, (regulating the voltage regardless of the load current), at higher frequencies it may be less effective. Adding this 1 µF capacitor should improve the response at those frequencies.

R3 and the trimmer pot (P2) alows you to zero your meter to a set voltage. The meter is a 30Volt type with an internal resistance of 85 ohms. I you have or obtained a meter with a different Ri (internal resistance) you will have to adjust R3 to keep the current of meter to 1mA. Just another note in regards this meter, use the reading as a guideline. The reading may or may not be off by about 0.75volts at full scale, meaning if your meter indicates 30 volts it may be in reality almost 31 volts or 29 volts. If you need a more precies voltage, then use your multimeter.

Construction:
Because of the few components you can use a small case but use whatever you have available. I used a power cord from a computer and cut the computer end off. All computer power cords are three-prong. The ground wire, which is connected to the middle pin of the power plug is connected to the chassis. The color of the ground-wire is either green or green/yellow. It is there for your protection if the 110vac accidentally comes in contact with the supply housing (case). BE CAREFUL always to disconnect the powerplug when you working inside the chassis. If you choose to use an in-line, or clip-type fuseholder be sure to isolate it with heat shrink or something to minimize accidental touching.

I use perf-board (or Vero board) as a schema board. This stuff is widely available and comes relatively cheap. It is either made of some sort of fiber material or Phenolic or Bakelite pcb. They all work great. Some Phenolic boards come with copper tracks already on them which will make soldering the project together easier.

I mounted the LM317(T) regulator on a heatsink. If you use a metal/aluminum case you can mount it right to the metal case, insulated with the mica insulator and the nylon washer around the mounting screw. Note that the metal tab of the LM317 is connected internally to the Output pin. So it has to be insulated when mounting directly to the case. Use heat sink compound (comes in transparent or white color) on the metal tab and mica insulator to maximize proper heat transfer between LM317 and case/ or heatsink.

Drill the holes for the banana jacks, on/off switch, and LED and make the cut-out for the meter. It is best to mount everything in such a way that you are able to trouble-shoot your schema board with ease if needed. One more note about the on-off switch S1, this switch has 110VAC power to it. After soldering, insulate the bare spots with a bit of silicon gel. Works great and prevents electrical shock through accidental touching.

If all is well, and you are finished assembling and soldering everything, check all connections. Check capacitors C1 & C3 for proper polarity (especially for C1, polarity reversal may cause explosion). Hookup a multimeter to the power supply output jacks. Set the meter for DC volts. Switch on S1 (led will light, no smoke or sparks?) and watch the meter movement. Adjust the potentiometer until it reads on your multimeter 15Volts. Adjust trimpot P2 until the meter also reads 15volts. When done, note any discrepancies between your multimeter and the power supply meter at full scale (max output). Maybe there is none, maybe there is a little, but you will be aware of it. Good luck and have fun building!

Parts List

BR1 = Bridge Rectifier, 100V - 3A       C1 = 2200 µF, 63V
IC1 = LM317, adjustable regulator       C2 = 0.1 µF
V = Meter, 30V, Ri = 85 ohm           C3 = 1µF, 40V
TR1 = Transformer, 25V, 2A            Plug = 3-wire plug & cord
R1 = 18K, 5%                           S1 = On-Off toggle switch
R2 = 220 ohm, 5%                       D1 = 1N4001
R3 = 27K, 5%                         Fuse = 110V, 500mA, slow-blow
P1 = 5K, potentiometer               FuseHolder, wire, solder, case, knob for P1
P2 = 10K, 10-turn trim-pot           Red & Black Banana Jacks

Notes:

This is a simple, but low-ripple powersupply, and an excellent project if youre starting out in electronics. It will suit your needs for most of your bench testing and prototype applications. The output is adjustable from 1.2 volts to about 30 volts. Maximum current is about 1.5 amps which is also sufficient for most of your tinkering. It is relatively easy to build and can be pretty cheap if you have some or all the required parts. A printed schema board is not included and Im not planning on adding one since the whole thing can easily be build on perferated or vero board. Or buy one of Radio Shack/Tandys experimentors boards (#276-150). Suit yourself. The meter and the transformer are the money suckers, but if you can scrounge them up from somewhere it will reduce the cost significantly. BR1 is a full-wave bridge rectifier. The two ~ denotes AC and are connected to the 25vac output coming from the transformer. IC1 is a 3-pin, TO-220 model. Be sure to put a cooling rib on IC1, at its max 1.5 A current it quickly becomes very hot..

All the parts can be obtained from your local Radio Shack or Tandy store. The physical size of the power supply case depends largely on the size of the meter & transformer. But almost anything will do. Go wild.

Sourced By Tony van roon

Voltage Doubler with NE555 timer chip

This circuit is used to drives relays of 24 and 18 VDC from a 12 Volt power supply. The basic circuit on the IC NE 555 timer and use this circuit with almost any NPN or PNP power transistor.

voltage

Parts:

Resistor
R1 = 47K
R2 = 10K
R3 = 56R

Capacitor
C1 = 0.01uF
C2 = 0.01uF
C3 = 0.001uF
C4 = 0.1uF
C5 = 50uF

Transistor
Q1 = TIP29 , TIP120, 2N4922, TIP61, TIP110, or 2N4921
Q2 = TIP30 , TIP125, 2N4919, TIP62, TIP115, or 2N4918

IC
U1 = NE555

Wednesday, August 27, 2014

20 20W STEREO AMPLIFIER WITH STAND BY

Circuit diagram TDA7262 20+20W STEREO AMPLIFIER WITH STAND-BY

Power Audio Amplifier based on STK400xx

This is Power Audio Amplifier schema based on STK400xx series. Its will give you very good quality of sound this schema is unexpensive too since STK40xx series have low price. It is easy we make a power amplifier using only few external components. The STKxxxx amplifiers, for them we will find in enough eponymous stereo amplifiers , but also in enough activety loudspeakers. They do not need a lot of special knowledge of manufacture, only that attention in pins, in order to they do not break, and one good power supply.

Schematic Diagram:

Power

Component Part list

R1-4 =1Kohm
R2= 33Kohm
R3-8=100ohm
R5= 0.22ohm 5W
R6=10ohm 2W
R7= 6,8ohm 2W
R9=12Kohm
R10=10Kohm
R11= 680ohm
C1=560 pF 100V ceramic or mylar
C2-7 =1 uF 63V MKT

C3-12 =220 uF 63V
C4-5-10 =100 pF
C6-9 =47uF 63V
C8 =100 nF 100V MKT
C11 =1 nF 100V MKT
C13 =100 uF 25V
C14=10pF 100V ceramic or mylar
L1 =3μH [15 turns of 1mm around R6]
100V ceramic or mylar
F1-2 =2A Fuse fast
IC1=STK4036......STK4044

STK40xx Series:

STK 4036 > Supply: ±35V - ±53,5V; Power (8R load): 50W
STK 4038 > Supply: ±40V - ±58V; Power (8R load): 60W
STK 4040 > Supply: ±43V - ±63V; Power (8R load): 70W
STK 4042 > Supply: ±46V - ±67V; Power (8R load): 80W
STK 4044 > Supply: ±51V - ±74V ; Power (8R load): 100V

Car Bulb Flasher

This astonishingly simple schema allows one or two powerful 12V 21W car bulbs to be driven in flashing mode by means of a power MosFet. Devices of this kind are particularly suited for road, traffic and yard alerts and in all cases where mains supply are not available but a powerful flashing light are yet necessary.

http://lh5.ggpht.com/_FdGFE8NBDgc/SldCptLH_VI/AAAAAAAAAW4/zXohYwPflLI/2CarBulbFlasher.GIF

Parts:

R1 = 6.8K
R2 = 220K
R3 = 22K
C1 = 100uF-25V
C2 = 10u-25V
D1 = 1N4002
Q1 = BC557
Q2 = IRF530
LP1 = 12V-21W Car Filament Bulb (See Notes)
SW1 = SPST Switch (3 Amp minimum)

Notes:

* Flashing frequency can be varied within a limited range by changing C1 value.
* As high dc currents are involved, please use suitably sized cables for battery and bulb(s) connections.

Simple RF Isolation Amplifier Wiring diagram Schematic

How to build a RF Isolation Amplifier Circuit Diagram. This is a Simple RF Isolation Amplifier Circuit Diagram . This wide-band RF isolation amplifier has a frequency response of 0.5 to 400 MHz Â± 0.5 dB. This two stage amplifier can be used in applications requiring high reverse isolation, such as receiver intermediate-frequency (IF) strips and frequency distribution systems. Both stages use complementary-symmetry transistor arrangements. The input stage is a common-base connection for the complementary schema.

Simple RF Isolation Amplifier Circuit Diagram

simple rf isolation amplifier circuit diagram

The output stage, which supplies the positive gain, is a common-emitter schema using emitter degeneration and collector-base feedback for impedance control.

Simple 12 Vdc 120 Vac Inverter Circiut

An Inverter is a device that converts 12 volts d.c to 120 volts a.c. , which is what we use in our homes. This project will handle about 300 watts, which is perfect for lights, small T.V.s and radio equipment.

This Inverter takes 12 volt d.c and steps it up to 120 volt a.c. The wattage depends on which transistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as the "Amp Rating" of the transformer you use for T1. This inverter can be constructed to supply anywhere from 1 to 1000 (1 KW) watts. If Q1, Q2 are 2N3055 NPN Transistors and T1 is a 15 A transformer, then the inverter will supply about 300 watts. Larger transformers and more powerful transistors can be substituted for T1, Q1 and Q2 for more power. Note: Dont try to run inductive loads (motors...) off this inverter.

12 Vdc - 120 Vac Inverter Circuit Diagram

Simple

Parts:

C1, C2        68 uf, 25 V Tantalum Capacitor
R1, R2        10 Ohm, 5 Watt Resistor
R3, R4        180 Ohm, 1 Watt Resistor
D1, D2        HEP 154 Silicon Diode
Q1, Q2        2N3055 NPN Transistor (see "Notes")
T1        24V, Center Tapped Transformer
Misc.        Wire, Case, Receptacle (for output)
       Fuses, Heatsinks, etc.

Caution:This schema can cause serious injury or death. Keep away from children. Source Link

Polarity protection circuits

The most simple polarity protection tehnique is to connect a series diode to the power line input. The diode conducts only when the power supply protection is correct. But the incovenient is that at higher current levels, the voltage drops and power loss of the diode affects the power level adversely.

polarity

This polarity protection circuit is dimensioned for 12 V power supplies and avoids the voltage and power loss problem. By correct polarity, the current flowing to the D1 and the relay coil causes the relay contacts to activate. The NO contact closes powering the electronic device. The NC contact opens and the current supplying the relay coil is reduced to a low level just enough to maintain relay activation.

source [link]

9 20 Volt amplifier circuit

KA2203

For this time I will post the scheme following an amplifier of the IC KA2203, SN16975, TBA820, UL1482P. Which has 4 Watt power output with 4 Ohm impedance. At least 8 Volt supply voltage and a maximum of 20 volts.

Read more

Audio Power Indicator

This is audio level indicator which can be used to measure the audio level output of your amplifier. Simply connect the output of your amplifier to the input of this schema, then you will know the average value of your amplifiers power.

Audio

R1_____________220R 1/2W Resistor
R2,R5,R6,R8____100R 1/4W Resistors
R10,R12,R14____100R 1/4W Resistors
R3_____________220R 1/4W Resistor
R4,R7__________330R 1/2W Resistors
R9_____________560R 1/2W Resistor
R11____________820R 1/2W Resistor
R13______________1K2 1/2W Resistor

D1___________1N4004 400V 1A Diode
D2,D4,D6__BZX79C2V7 2.7V 500mW Zener Diodes
D3,D5,D7,D8,D9,D10 Red LEDs (Any dimension and shape) (See Notes)

Notes:

The output power indicated by each LED must be doubled when 4 Ohms loads are driven.
The schema can be adapted to suit less powerful amplifiers by reducing the number of LEDs and related voltage dividers.
LEDs of any dimension can be used, but rectangular shaped devices will be more suitable to be compacted in bars or columns.
For a stereo amplifier, two identical diagram are required.

Tuesday, August 26, 2014

Telephone Call Recorder

Today phone has become an integral part of our lives. It is the most widely used communication tool in the world. Owing to its immense popularity & widespread use, there arises a necessity for call recording devices, which find application in call cent-res, stock broking firms, police, offices, homes, etc. Here they are describing a call recorder that makes use of only a few parts. But in order to understand its working, must first have the basic knowledge of standard phone wiring as well as a stereo plug.

In India, land-line rings primarily use RJ11 wiring, which has wires-tip and ring. While tip is the positive wire, ring is the negative. And together they complete the phone schema. In a phone line, voltage between tip and ring is around 48V DC when handset is on the cradle(idle line). In order to ring the phone for an incoming call, a 20Hz AC current of around 90V is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in the idle line. The negative wire from the phone line goes to IN1, while the positive wire goes to IN2. Further, the negative wire from OUT1 and the positive wire from OUT2 are connected to the phone. All the resistors used are 0.25W carbon film resistors and all the capacitors used are rated for 250V or more.

12V Police Flashing Light Circuit

This schema is a very famous schema diagram among the electronic schema lovers.Today Free schema Diagrams 4U is going to give you a Famous police flashing LED schema diagram.In this schema we have used common IC NE555.The special thing of this schema is this schema can be operated with 12v power.So you can directly attach this schema with your car or truck.When you select the colors of LEDs choose red and blue

Note:
# Dont supply over 15V
# Build this schema on a PCB
# In some countries this schema is illegal.we give you this with the educational purpose.We dont get any responsibility of misusing this schema

Railway Points Sequencer Wiring diagram Schematic

Dedicated model rail enthusiasts using sophisticated train and points controllers often have the problem that as their layouts get bigger and more complex, the transformer supplying power to the points does not have enough current to switch several points at the same time. The actuators in the points are designed for ac operation so it doesn’t help by rectifying the supply and adding reservoir capacitors, the coils can overheat and burn out if they get jammed during their travel (ac operation actually helps to overcome friction in the mechanism). The schema shown here solves this problem by using a sequencer to ensure than only one points actuator can be active at any point in time. During operation the controller will switch all the points on one line at the same time as usual, but the other connection to each coil is connected to the sequencer unit. This schema will only allow current to ﬂow through one coil at a time.

Railway Points Sequencer Circuit Diagram

Railway

Railway Points Sequencer Circuit Diagram

The sequencer schema consists of a 555 timer conﬁgured as an astable multivibrator clocking a 4017 Johnson counter where the ten outputs are used to switch ten triacs in sequence, enough for ten sets of points. P1 alters the oscillator frequency of the 555 timer and can be adjusted so that each time interval of the sequencer is long enough to allow the points to switch.

The switching time varies depending on the type of points but is typically between 1 s and 1.5 s. Any points that jam during switching give out a characteristic humming noise in time to the switching frequency so it makes them easier to ﬁnd. The eleventh output of the 4017 can be connected to an LED (together with a series resistor). This will flash to give a visual indication of the sequencers operation. Power for the schema is provided by 15 V ac from the points transformer. The B80C1500 bridge rectifier (80 Vpiv, 1.5 A) and regulator IC1 produce a stabilised 12 V for the schema. Current consumption is only a few milliamps.

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